Predictive factors of mortality in damage control surgery for abdominal trauma.

INTRODUCTION: damage control surgery (DCS) is well recognized as a surgical strategy for patients sustaining severe abdominal trauma. Literature suggests the indications, operative times, therapeutic procedures, laboratory parameters and intraoperative findings have a direct bearing on the outcomes. OBJECTIVE: to analyze the clinical profile of patients undergoing DCS and determine predictors of morbidity and mortality. METHODS: a retrospective cohort study was conducted on all patients undergoing DCS following abdominal trauma from November 2015 and December 2021. Data on subjects' demographics, baseline presentation, mechanism of injury, associated injuries, injury severity scores, laboratory parameters, operative details, postoperative complications, length of stay and mortality were assessed. A binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine potential risk factors for mortality. RESULTS: During the study period, 696 patients underwent trauma laparotomy. Of these, 8.9% (n=62) were DCS, with more than 80% due to penetrating mechanisms. Overall mortality was 59.6%. In the logistic regression stratified by survival, several variables were significantly associated with mortality, including hypotension, and altered mental status at admission, intraoperative cardiorespiratory arrest, need for resuscitative thoracotomy, metabolic acidosis, hyperlactatemia, coagulopathy, fibrinolysis, and severity of the trauma injury scores. CONCLUSION: DCS may be appropriate in critically injured patients; however, it remains associated with significant morbidity and high mortality, even at specialized trauma care centers. From pre and postoperative clinical and laboratory parameters, it was possible to predict the risk of death in the studied sample.

Portocath insertion technique: retrospective study & step-by-step surgical description without tunneling in a high-complexity service.

OBJECTIVE: to demonstrate that the use of the portocath implantation technique without tunneling the catheter is not associated with a higher rate of complications in the short or long term. In addition, we aim to improve the implantation technique of the portocath device, with the presentation of a step-by-step guide for surgeons in training. METHODS: this is a retrospective descriptive study, with analytical components. Data were analyzed using information extracted from electronic medical records linked to the National Health Care procedure code between the years 2019-2020. RESULTS: none of the 94 procedures resulted in complications on the day they were performed. Complications were recorded seven days after the procedure in only two patients (2.13%). Intraoperative radioscopy had been performed in both cases. Thirty days afters the procedure, complications were observed in two patients among the remaining 92 (2.17%), both undergoing catheter implantation without tunneling. There were no complications in the six months after portocath implantation in 57.4% of patients and there is no information about the other 42.6%. CONCLUSION: the portocath insertion technique without tunneling is a safe outpatient procedure, with a low risk of complications, and can be adopted to shorten procedure time and patient discomfort, without functional or safety impairments. There was no association of not tunneling the catheter, laterality of the punctured vein and performing radioscopy in the transoperative period with the rate of complications.

Predictive factors of mortality in damage control surgery for abdominal trauma / Fatores preditivos de mortalidade na cirurgia de controle de danos no trauma abdominal

ABSTRACT Introduction: damage control surgery (DCS) is well recognized as a surgical strategy for patients sustaining severe abdominal trauma. Literature suggests the indications, operative times, therapeutic procedures, laboratory parameters and intraoperative findings have a direct bearing on the outcomes. Objective: to analyze the clinical profile of patients undergoing DCS and determine predictors of morbidity and mortality. Methods: a retrospective cohort study was conducted on all patients undergoing DCS following abdominal trauma from November 2015 and December 2021. Data on subjects' demographics, baseline presentation, mechanism of injury, associated injuries, injury severity scores, laboratory parameters, operative details, postoperative complications, length of stay and mortality were assessed. A binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine potential risk factors for mortality. Results: During the study period, 696 patients underwent trauma laparotomy. Of these, 8.9% (n=62) were DCS, with more than 80% due to penetrating mechanisms. Overall mortality was 59.6%. In the logistic regression stratified by survival, several variables were significantly associated with mortality, including hypotension, and altered mental status at admission, intraoperative cardiorespiratory arrest, need for resuscitative thoracotomy, metabolic acidosis, hyperlactatemia, coagulopathy, fibrinolysis, and severity of the trauma injury scores. Conclusion: DCS may be appropriate in critically injured patients; however, it remains associated with significant morbidity and high mortality, even at specialized trauma care centers. From pre and postoperative clinical and laboratory parameters, it was possible to predict the risk of death in the studied sample.

RESUMO Introdução: a cirurgia de controle de danos (CCD) é estratégia bem definida de manejo cirúrgico para pacientes vítimas de trauma grave. A literatura sugere que as indicações, tempo operatório, medidas terapêuticas adotadas, alterações laboratoriais e achados transoperatórios apresentam impacto direto sobre o desfecho. Objetivo: analisar o perfil clínico-demográfico dos pacientes submetidos à CCD e identificar fatores preditivos de morbimortalidade na amostra. Métodos: coorte retrospectiva a partir da análise de prontuários de pacientes submetidos à CCD por trauma abdominal entre novembro de 2015 e dezembro de 2021. As variáveis analisadas incluíram dados demográficos, tempo da admissão, mecanismo do trauma, lesões associadas, escores de trauma, parâmetros laboratoriais, achados cirúrgicos, reposição volêmica e de hemoderivados, complicações pós-operatórias, tempo de internação e mortalidade. Para analisar os fatores de risco para mortalidade, foi utilizada análise de regressão logística binária. Resultados: no período, foram realizadas 696 laparotomias por trauma abdominal e destas, 8.9% (n=62) foram CCD, sendo mais de 80% por mecanismo penetrante. A mortalidade foi de 59.6%. Na regressão logística estratificada pela sobrevida, diversas variáveis foram associadas à mortalidade com significância estatística, incluindo hipotensão e alteração do estado mental à admissão, parada cardiorrespiratória no transoperatório, necessidade de toracotomia de reanimação, acidose metabólica, hiperlactatemia, coagulopatia, fibrinólise, gravidade dos escores de trauma e necessidade de hemoderivados. Conclusão: apesar da condução da estratégia de CCD em centro de trauma, a morbimortalidade ainda é elevada. A partir de parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais pré e pós-operatórios, é possível predizer o risco de evolução para óbito na amostra estudada.

Portocath insertion technique: retrospective study & step-by-step surgical description without tunneling in a high-complexity service / Técnica de inserção de portocath: estudo retrospectivo & descrição cirúrgica do passo a passo sem tunelização em serviço de alta complexidade

ABSTRACT Objective: to demonstrate that the use of the portocath implantation technique without tunneling the catheter is not associated with a higher rate of complications in the short or long term. In addition, we aim to improve the implantation technique of the portocath device, with the presentation of a step-by-step guide for surgeons in training. Methods: this is a retrospective descriptive study, with analytical components. Data were analyzed using information extracted from electronic medical records linked to the National Health Care procedure code between the years 2019-2020. Results: none of the 94 procedures resulted in complications on the day they were performed. Complications were recorded seven days after the procedure in only two patients (2.13%). Intraoperative radioscopy had been performed in both cases. Thirty days afters the procedure, complications were observed in two patients among the remaining 92 (2.17%), both undergoing catheter implantation without tunneling. There were no complications in the six months after portocath implantation in 57.4% of patients and there is no information about the other 42.6%. Conclusion: the portocath insertion technique without tunneling is a safe outpatient procedure, with a low risk of complications, and can be adopted to shorten procedure time and patient discomfort, without functional or safety impairments. There was no association of not tunneling the catheter, laterality of the punctured vein and performing radioscopy in the transoperative period with the rate of complications.

RESUMO Objetivo: demonstrar que a utilização da técnica de implantação do portocath sem a etapa de tunelização não está associado a maior taxa de complicações a curto ou longo prazo. Além disso, almeja-se aperfeiçoar a técnica da implementação do dispositivo portocath, com a apresentação de um guia passo a passo para conduzir os cirurgiões em formação. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo descritivo, com componentes analíticos. Os dados foram analisados por meio das informações extraídas dos prontuários eletrônicos vinculados código do procedimento SUS entre 2019-2020. Resultados: nenhum dos 94 procedimentos culminou em complicações no dia de sua realização. Foram registradas complicações após sete dias do procedimento em apenas dois pacientes (2,13%). A radioscopia intraoperatória havia sido realizada em ambos os casos. Após 30 dias do procedimento, foram observadas complicações em dois pacientes entre os 92 restantes (2,17%), ambos submetidos ao implante do cateter sem tunelização. Não houve complicações seis meses após o implante do portocath em 57,4% dos pacientes e não há informação acerca dos outros 42,6%. Conclusão: a técnica inserção do portocath sem tunelização é um procedimento ambulatorial seguro, de baixo risco de complicação, podendo ser adotada como forma de abreviar tempo de procedimento e desconforto ao paciente, sem prejuízos funcionais ou de segurança. Não houve associação entre não tunelizar o cateter, lateralidade da veia puncionada e realização de radioscopia no transoperatório com a taxa de complicações.

Complicações pós-operatórias em apendicectomias: análise comparativa entre as abordagens aberta e videolaparoscópica / Postoperative complications in appendectomies: comparative analysis between open and laparoscopic approaches

Introdução: A apendicectomia é o tratamento de escolha da apendicite aguda. Embora a preferência pelas técnicas minimamente invasivas seja tendência mundial, a cirurgia aberta ainda é realidade na maioria dos hospitais públicos. O índice de complicações pós-operatórias varia de acordo com a técnica cirúrgica empregada. O presente estudo objetiva comparar a incidência de complicações pós-operatórias entre a apendicectomia aberta e laparoscópica. Métodos: Coorte retrospectiva incluindo pacientes submetidos à apendicectomia no Hospital de Pronto Socorro de Porto Alegre entre novembro de 2015 a novembro de 2019. Foram avaliados dados demográficos, tempo de evolução dos sintomas, técnica cirúrgica, achados transoperatórios, necessidade de drenos ou ostomias, tempo cirúrgico, tempo de internação, experiência do cirurgião e desfechos. Resultados: Foram incluídos 358 pacientes, com idade de 32 ± 13,8 anos, e predomínio do sexo masculino (58,9%); 58,1% foram submetidos a cirurgia aberta, 41,9% a laparoscopia e 8% necessitaram conversão. As apendicites foram classificadas como complicadas em um terço dos casos. O tempo cirúrgico foi menor na cirurgia aberta (79,3 ± 38,8 vs. 104 ± 35,2 minutos; p < 0,001). O índice de complicações pós-operatórias foi de 21,2%, sendo significativamente maior na técnica aberta (26,4% vs. 13%; p = 0,003). O tempo de internação, a necessidade de reintervenção e mortalidade não apresentaram diferença entre as técnicas. Conclusão: Embora a apendicectomia aberta seja um procedimento seguro, com bons resultados e baixa morbimortalidade, a laparoscopia oferece potenciais vantagens em termos de evolução pós-operatória, inclusive em casos complicados. Deve ser indicada rotineiramente havendo disponibilidade de material e capacitação da equipe cirúrgica. (AU)

Introduction: Appendectomy is the treatment of choice for acute appendicitis. Although the preference for minimally invasive techniques is a worldwide trend, open surgery remains a reality in most public hospitals. The rate of postoperative complications varies according to the surgical technique employed. The present study aimed to compare the incidence of postoperative complications between open and laparoscopic appendectomy. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included patients undergoing appendectomy at the Hospital de Pronto Socorro de Porto Alegre between November 2015 and November 2019. Demographic and clinical data, duration of symptoms, surgical technique, intraoperative findings, use of abdominal drains or stomas, operative time, length of stay, surgeon's experience, and outcomes were assessed. Results: Three hundred and fifty-eight patients were included, predominantly male (58.9%), with a mean age of 32 ± 13.8 years; 58.1% underwent open surgery, 41.9% underwent laparoscopic surgery, and 8% required conversion. One third of the cases were classified as complicated. The mean operative time was shorter for open surgery (79.3 ± 38.8 vs. 104 ± 35.2 minutes; p < 0.001). The rate of postoperative complications was 21.2%, with a significantly higher incidence in the open technique (26.4% vs. 13%; p = 0.003). Length of stay, reoperation rate, and mortality did not differ between the techniques. Conclusions: Although open appendectomy is a safe and efficient procedure, associated with low morbidity and mortality rates, laparoscopy provides potential clinically beneficial advantages in terms of postoperative outcomes, even in complicated cases. Therefore, it should be routinely performed where laparoscopic equipment and skillful staff are available. (AU)

Assessment of trauma scoring systems in patients subjected to exploratory laparotomy.

OBJECTIVE: to assess the epidemiological profile of patients undergoing exploratory trauma laparotomy based on severity and prognosis criteria, and to determine the predictive accuracy of trauma scoring systems in terms of morbidity and mortality. METHODS: retrospective cohort study and review of medical records of patients undergoing exploratory laparotomy for blunt or penetrating trauma at the Hospital de Pronto Socorro de Porto Alegre, from November 2015 to November 2019. Demographic data, mechanism of injury, associated injuries, physiological (RTS and Shock Index), anatomical (ISS, NISS and ATI) and combined (TRISS and NTRISS) trauma scores, intraoperative findings, postoperative complications, length of stay and outcomes. RESULTS: 506 patients were included in the analysis. The mean age was 31 ± 13 years, with the majority being males (91.3%). Penetrating trauma was the most common mechanism of injury (86.2%), predominantly by firearms. The average RTS at hospital admission was 7.5 ± 0.7. The mean ISS and NISS was 16.5 ± 10.1 and 22.3 ± 13.6, respectively. The probability of survival estimated by TRISS was 95.5%, and by NTRISS 93%. The incidence of postoperative complications was 39.7% and the overall mortality was 12.8%. The most accurate score for predicting mortality was the NTRISS (88.5%), followed by TRISS, NISS and ISS. CONCLUSION: the study confirms the applicability of trauma scores in the studied population. The NTRISS seems to be the best predictor of morbidity and mortality.

Assessment of trauma scoring systems in patients subjected to exploratory laparotomy / Avaliação dos escores de trauma em pacientes submetidos à laparotomia exploradora

ABSTRACT Objective: to assess the epidemiological profile of patients undergoing exploratory trauma laparotomy based on severity and prognosis criteria, and to determine the predictive accuracy of trauma scoring systems in terms of morbidity and mortality. Methods: retrospective cohort study and review of medical records of patients undergoing exploratory laparotomy for blunt or penetrating trauma at the Hospital de Pronto Socorro de Porto Alegre, from November 2015 to November 2019. Demographic data, mechanism of injury, associated injuries, physiological (RTS and Shock Index), anatomical (ISS, NISS and ATI) and combined (TRISS and NTRISS) trauma scores, intraoperative findings, postoperative complications, length of stay and outcomes. Results: 506 patients were included in the analysis. The mean age was 31 ± 13 years, with the majority being males (91.3%). Penetrating trauma was the most common mechanism of injury (86.2%), predominantly by firearms. The average RTS at hospital admission was 7.5 ± 0.7. The mean ISS and NISS was 16.5 ± 10.1 and 22.3 ± 13.6, respectively. The probability of survival estimated by TRISS was 95.5%, and by NTRISS 93%. The incidence of postoperative complications was 39.7% and the overall mortality was 12.8%. The most accurate score for predicting mortality was the NTRISS (88.5%), followed by TRISS, NISS and ISS. Conclusion: the study confirms the applicability of trauma scores in the studied population. The NTRISS seems to be the best predictor of morbidity and mortality.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes submetidos a laparotomia exploradora por trauma com base em critérios de gravidade e prognóstico, e determinar a acurácia preditiva dos escores de trauma em termos de morbimortalidade. Métodos: estudo de coorte retrospectiva e revisão de prontuários dos pacientes submetidos a laparotomia exploradora por trauma contuso ou penetrante no Hospital de Pronto Socorro de Porto Alegre no período de novembro de 2015 a novembro de 2019. Foram avaliados dados demográficos, mecanismo do trauma, lesões associadas, índices fisiológicos (RTS e Shock Index), anatômicos (ISS, NISS e ATI) e mistos (TRISS e NTRISS), achados intraoperatórios, complicações pós-operatórias, tempo de internação e desfecho. Resultados: foram incluídos 506 pacientes na análise. A idade média foi de 31 ± 13 anos, com predomínio do sexo masculino (91,3%). O trauma penetrante foi o mecanismo de lesão mais comum (86,2%), sendo a maioria por arma de fogo. A média do RTS na admissão hospitalar foi 7,5 ± 0,7. A média do ISS e do NISS foi 16,5 ± 10,1 e 22,3 ± 13,6, respectivamente. A probabilidade de sobrevida estimada pelo TRISS foi de 95,5%, e pelo NTRISS de 93%. A incidência de complicações pós-operatórias foi de 39,7% e a mortalidade geral de 12,8%. O escore com melhor acurácia preditiva foi o NTRISS (88,5%), seguido pelo TRISS, NISS e ISS. Conclusões: o estudo confirma a aplicabilidade dos escores de trauma na população em questão. O NTRISS parece ser o sistema com melhor acurácia preditiva de morbimortalidade.

Atualização na reanimação volêmica no paciente traumatizado / Update on volemic resuscitation in trauma patient

Introdução: O choque hipovolêmico é o principal tipo de choque no trauma. Seu manejo é fundamental visto que é uma das principais causas de mortes evitáveis. Objetivos: Definir conceitos relacionados à reanimação no choque hipovolêmico, como coagulopatia precoce no trauma, controle de danos, hipotensão permissiva, uso de cristaloides e hemoderivados, ácido tranexâmico e protocolo de transfusão maciça. Metodologia: Busca na base de dados bibliográfica Medline/Pubmed e LILACS no período de maio de 2018, incluindo artigos de revisão, revisões sistemáticas e guidelines cuja publicação seja em inglês ou português e remeta os últimos 5 anos. Os descritores foram "permissive hypotension" ou "damage control resuscitation". "hypovolemic shock". Os artigos foram selecionados com busca direta, considerando relevância do tema à proposta e revista com fator de impacto mensurado. Resultados: Foram apresentados 342 resultados da busca de dados, nos quais 15 artigos foram selecionados. Na conduta do choque hipovolêmico, responsável por 30 a 40% das mortes no período de 24 horas após o trauma, adota-se a hipotensão permissiva e preconiza-se o controle de danos. Conclusões: O entendimento da coagulopatia no trauma, do uso limitado de cristaloides, da reanimação balanceada, da hipotensão permissiva, da correta indicação do ácido tranexâmico e da aplicação do protocolo de transfusão maciça é fundamental na reanimação volêmica do paciente traumatizado.

Introduction: The hypovolemic shock is the main type of shock in trauma patients. Its management is fundamental given that hemorrhagic shock is one of the main causes of death that can be avoided. Aims: To define concepts related to resuscitation in hypovolemic shock, such as early coagulopathy in trauma, damage control, permissive hypotension, use of crystalloids and blood derivatives, tranexamic acid and massive transfusion protocol. Methods: Search in the bibliographic database Medline/Pubmed and LILACS in the period of May 2018, including review articles, systematic reviews and guidelines published in either English or Portuguese in the last 5 years. The descriptors were "permissive hypotension" or "damage control resuscitation". Of the 342 results, 15 articles were selected with direct search, considering relevance of the theme to the proposal and reviewed with measured impact factor. Results: From 342 results in database, 10 articles have been selected. The management of hypovolemic shock, responsible for 30-40% of deaths within 24 hours of trauma, permissive hypotension and damage control have been recommended. Conclusion: The understanding of coagulopathy in trauma, of limited use of crystalloids, of balanced resuscitation, of permissive hypotension, of the correct indication of tranexamic acid and of the application of the protocol of massive transfusion is essential in the resuscitation of the trauma patient.

Abdome agudo oncológico: diagnóstico e manejo / Oncological acute abdomen: diagnosis and management

Introdução: Queixas gastrointestinais em pacientes oncológicos podem representar um dilema diagnóstico com taxas significativas de morbidade e mortalidade. O abdome agudo secundário à neoplasia é geralmente multifatorial. Causas relacionadas à neoplasia podem ser diretas (efeito mecânico do tumor, sangramento tumoral, progressão de doença) ou indiretas (manifestações sistêmicas como imunossupressão e hipercoagulabilidade). Devido às diversas possíveis causas subjacentes, a avaliação clínica se torna complicada dado o quadro clínico por vezes atípico e a apresentação eventualmente tardia, visto que a imunossupressão pode atenuar muitos achados. O exame de imagem, em especial a tomografia computadorizada, desempenha um papel fundamental na identificação da causa subjacente, no mapeamento da extensão da doença e na triagem de candidatos cirúrgicos. Métodos: Realizou-se busca nas bases de dado PubMed, Scielo e Embase, procurando os termos "Oncologic Acute Abdomen" e "Oncological Acute Abdomen", sendo selecionados os artigos mais relevantes e focados na prática clínica, de forma a resumir as principais etiologias, diagnóstico e manejo. Resultados: A causa mais recorrente de abdome agudo oncológico é, de forma ampla, intestinal, abarcando diagnósticos de obstrução, perfuração e causas inflamatórias. Conclusão: A cirurgia para emergências abdominais em pacientes com câncer avançado carrega um alto risco operatório e requer discussão multidisciplinar de indicações, com total respeito pelas regras éticas. O objetivo da cirurgia é melhorar os sintomas e focar tanto na qualidade de vida quanto na duração da sobrevida. Muitas alternativas existem e suas vantagens e limitações devem ser pesadas antes de recorrer a um procedimento cirúrgico.

Introduction: Gastrointestinal complaints in cancer patients may represent a diagnostic dilemma with significant morbidity and mortality rates. The acute abdomen secondary to neoplasia is usually multifactorial. Causes related to neoplasia can be direct (mechanical tumor effect, tumor bleeding, disease progression) or indirect (systemic manifestations such as immunosuppression and hypercoagulability). Due to the many possible underlying causes, clinical evaluation becomes complicated given the sometimes-atypical clinical picture and the eventually late presentation, since immunosuppression may attenuate many findings. Imaging, especially computed tomography, plays a key role in identifying the underlying cause, mapping the extent of disease, and screening surgical candidates. Methods: We searched the databases PubMed, Scielo and Embase, searching for the terms "Oncologic Acute Abdomen" and "Oncological Acute Abdomen", being selected the most relevant articles and focused on clinical practice, in order to summarize the main etiologies, diagnosis, and management. Results: The most frequent cause of acute oncologic abdomen is the intestinal cause, encompassing diagnoses of obstruction, perforation and inflammatory causes. Conclusion: Surgery for abdominal emergencies in patients with advanced cancer carries a high surgical risk and requires a multidisciplinary discussion of indications, with full respect for ethical rules. The goal of surgery is to improve the symptoms and focus on both quality of life and duration of survival. Many alternatives exist and their advantages and limitations must be weighed before resorting to a surgical procedure.

Comparison between isolated serial clinical examination and computed tomography for stab wounds in the anterior abdominal wall.

OBJECTIVE: to compare abdominal computer tomography (CT) with isolated serial clinical exam (SCE) in the management of anterior abdominal stab wounds. METHODS: randomized prospective study performed at Hospital de Pronto Socorro de Porto Alegre involving patients with anterior abdominal stab wounds without indication of immediate laparotomy; patients were divided in two groups: CT group and SCE group, In the SCE group, patients were followed up with serial clinical exam every 6 hours, Patients of CT group were submitted to abdominal computer tomography after initial evaluation. RESULTS: 66 patients were studied and 33 were included in each group, Of total, six were submitted to surgery, three of each group, In the SCE group, patients submitted to surgery in media waited 12 hours from arrival to diagnosis without any non-therapeutic surgeries, The remaining 30 patients of this group were discharged from hospital after 24 hours of observation, In the CT group, three patients showed alteration at CT and were submitted to laparotomy, one non-therapeutic, The others were discharged from hospital after 24 hours of observation, Abdominal computer tomography had a positive predictive value (PPV) of 67% and negative predictive value (NPV) of 100%, with 96% of accuracy, Isolated serial clinical exam showed PPV and NPV of 100% and 100% of accuracy. CONCLUSION: selective management of anterior abdominal stabs is safe, when a rigorous selection of patients is observed, Isolated serial clinical exam may be performed without computer tomography, without increase of hospitalization time or morbidity, reducing costs, exposure to radiation, mortality and morbidity and non-therapeutic laparotomies.

Toracotomia de reanimação na sala de emergência: como obter os melhores resultados? / Resuscitative thoracotomy in emergency room: how to get better outcomes?

Objetivos: O objetivo deste artigo é revisar as principais indicações e resultados da toracotomia de reanimação na sala de emergência. Métodos: Foi realizada revisão bibliográfica entre maio e junho de 2017 sobre Toracotomia de Reanimação nas bases de dados PubMed e Periódicos Capes. Resultados: A toracotomia de reanimação objetiva um acesso rápido ao coração e aos principais vasos torácicos, buscando controlar hemorragias, aliviar tamponamento cardíaco, permitir massagem cardíaca, clampear a aorta torácica descendente e reparar danos cardíacos. A literatura disponível demonstra que a toracotomia de reanimação apresenta taxa de sobrevivência de 10 a 30% para trauma penetrante e de 0 a 2% para o contuso. Conclusões: A toracotomia de reanimação deve ser reservada para casos selecionados, apresentando melhores resultados em casos de trauma penetrante. Portanto, quanto mais adequadamente indicado for o procedimento, melhor será o resultado atingido.

Aims: The aim of this article is to review the main indications and results of resuscitative thoracotomy. Methods: Bibliographic review was performed between May and June 2017 on Resuscitative Thoracotomy in the PubMed and Periódicos Capes databases. Results: The resuscitative thoracotomy is used to have a fast access to the heart and major thoracic vessels, seeking to control bleeding, relieve cardiac tamponade, allow cardiac massage, clamp down the descending thoracic aorta, and repair heart damage. According to the available literature, the procedure presents a long-term survival rate ranging from 10 to 30% for penetrating trauma and from 0 to 2% for blunt trauma. Conclusions: Resuscitative thoracotomy should be reserved for selected cases, having better results in cases of penetrating trauma. The better indication to do the procedure is the key for the better results.

Trauma de Cólon: experiência de um centro de referência em Porto Alegre/RS / Colon trauma: the experience of a reference center in Porto Alegre/RS

Introdução: As lesões de cólon são comuns em pacientes vítimas de trauma. Seu tratamento é bastante variável e muito discutido. Objetivo: Analisar a experiência com trauma de cólon de um centro de referência em trauma por aproximadamente 4 anos, avaliando o perfil dos pacientes, mecanismo de trauma, lesões, evolução e desfecho. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo em que foram incluídos todos os pacientes com trauma de cólon no período de setembro de 2009 a dezembro de 2013. Resultados: Foram identificadas 101 vítimas com trauma de cólon, sendo 92 casos (91%) devido a trauma penetrante. Os ferimentos abdominais foram preponderantes (85,1%), seguidos por ferimentos em dorso em 15,8% e em transição toracoabdominal em 9,9%. Apenas 6,9% apresentavam-se com PAS < 90 mmHg e 23,8% com FC > 100 bpm na admissão. Noventa e nove por cento dos pacientes foram levados ao bloco cirúrgico para laparotomia exploradora imediatamente após o atendimento na sala de emergência. Setenta e três (72,3%) apresentaram lesões de outros órgãos abdominais associadas, a mais comum foi de intestino delgado (49,5%). A mortalidade da série foi de 1%, e as complicações mais frequentes foram a pneumonia em 16,8%, a infecção de ferida operatória em 11,9% e a infecção urinária em 7,9%. Conclusões: O diagnóstico e tratamento precoce das lesões de cólon são fundamentais para uma boa evolução e para prevenção das complicações, principalmente infecciosas, que são responsáveis pela morbidade e mortalidade nesses pacientes. Os dados apresentados estão de acordo com os encontrados na literatura atual(AU)

Background: Colon lesions are common in trauma patients. Their treatment is very variable and much discussed. Objective: To analyze the experience with colon trauma of a reference center for trauma for about 4 years, evaluating patient profile, mechanism of trauma, injury, evolution and outcome. Methods: A retrospective study which included all patients with colon trauma from September 2009 to December 2013. Results: A series of 101 victims with colon trauma were identified, of which 92 cases (91%) were due to penetrating trauma. Abdominal injuries were prevalent (85.1%), followed by back (15.8%) and thoracoabdominal transition (9.9%) injuries. Only 6.9% presented with SBP 100 bpm at admission. Ninety-nine percent of patients were taken to the operating room for exploratory laparotomy immediately after evaluation in the emergency room. Seventythree (72.3%) had associated injuries to other abdominal organs, the most common being small intestine (49.5%). The mortality in this series was 1%, and the most frequent complications were pneumonia in 16.8%, wound infection in 11.9%, and urinary infection in 7.9%. Conclusions: Early diagnosis and treatment of colon lesions are critical for a good outcome and prevention of complications, mainly infectious diseases, which are responsible for morbidity and mortality in these patients. The data presented are consistent with the current literature(AU)

Cistadenoma mucinoso retroperitoneal primário benigno / Benign primary retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenoma

O cistadenoma mucinoso retroperitoneal é tumor raro, geralmente benigno, que acomete mais frequentemente mulheres. Cursa com pequena e inespecífica sintomatologia, como dor e distensão abdominal. O tratamento é cirúrgico e o diagnóstico preciso é definido pelo exame anátomopatológico. Tem bom prognóstico se ressecado completamente. O presente relato se refere a paciente do sexo feminino, 46 anos, que apresentou dor abdominal em flanco esquerdo e massa palpável, que, após investigação, foi tratado através de ressecção cirúrgica.

Retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenoma is a rare, usually benign tumor, which most often affects women. It occurs with small and nonspecifi c symptoms, such as pain and bloating. The treatment is surgical and precise diagnosis is defi ned by anatomopathological examination. It has good prognosis if completely resected. This report refers to a female patient, 46, who presented abdominal pain in the left flank and palpable mass, which after investigation was treated by surgical resection.

Inguinal hernia repair: can one identify the three main nerves of the region?

OBJECTIVE: To identify the nerves in the groin during inguinal hernia repair by inguinotomy. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, sequenced, non-randomized study comprising 38 patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair with placement of polypropylene mesh. RESULTS: The male patients were 36 (94.7%), with a mean age and standard deviation of 43.1 ± 14.5, body mass index of 24.4 ± 2.8. Comorbidities were hypertension in two (5.2%), smoking in 12 (31.5%) and obesity in two (5.2%). The hernia was located only on the right in 21 (55.2%) patients, only on the left in 11 (28.9%), and was bilateral in six (15.7%) patients. Prior hernia repair was present in seven (18.4%) patients. The identification of the three nerves during operation was made in 20 (52.6%) patients, the ilioinguinal nerve and the iliohypogastric nerve were identified in 33 (86.8%), and the genital nerve branch of the genitofemoral nerve, in 20 (52.6%). Resection of at least one of the nerves was performed in seven (18.4%) cases, two iliohypogastric nerves and five ilioinguinal nerves. The average operating time was 70.8 ± 18.2 minutes. The hospital stay was 1.42 ± 1.18 days. Ten patients (26.3%) returned to physical activity around the first postoperative visit, and 37 (97.3%) in the last. The follow-up time was 95.6 ± 23.5 days. The inability to identify the ilioinguinal nerve was associated with previous repair (p = 0.035). CONCLUSION: The identification of the three nerves during inguinal hernia surgery has been described in more than half of the cases and prior repair interfered with the identification of ilioinguinal nerve.

Inguinal hernia repair: can one identify the three main nerves of the region? / Herniorrafia inguinal: pode-se identificar os três principais nervos da região?

OBJECTIVE: To identify the nerves in the groin during inguinal hernia repair by inguinotomy. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, sequenced, non-randomized study comprising 38 patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair with placement of polypropylene mesh. RESULTS: The male patients were 36 (94.7%), with a mean age and standard deviation of 43.1 ± 14.5, body mass index of 24.4 ± 2.8. Comorbidities were hypertension in two (5.2%), smoking in 12 (31.5%) and obesity in two (5.2%). The hernia was located only on the right in 21 (55.2%) patients, only on the left in 11 (28.9%), and was bilateral in six (15.7%) patients. Prior hernia repair was present in seven (18.4%) patients. The identification of the three nerves during operation was made in 20 (52.6%) patients, the ilioinguinal nerve and the iliohypogastric nerve were identified in 33 (86.8%), and the genital nerve branch of the genitofemoral nerve, in 20 (52.6%). Resection of at least one of the nerves was performed in seven (18.4%) cases, two iliohypogastric nerves and five ilioinguinal nerves. The average operating time was 70.8 ± 18.2 minutes. The hospital stay was 1.42 ± 1.18 days. Ten patients (26.3%) returned to physical activity around the first postoperative visit, and 37 (97.3%) in the last. The follow-up time was 95.6 ± 23.5 days. The inability to identify the ilioinguinal nerve was associated with previous repair (p = 0.035). CONCLUSION: The identification of the three nerves during inguinal hernia surgery has been described in more than half of the cases and prior repair interfered with the identification of ilioinguinal nerve.

OBJETIVO: Identificar os nervos da região inguinal durante hernioplastia inguinal por inguinotomia. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo, sequenciado, não randomizado, composto por 38 pacientes submetidos à herniorrafia inguinal com colocação de tela de polipropileno. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes masculinos eram 36 (94,7%), com média de idade e desvio-padrão de 43,1 ± 14,5, índice de massa corporal de 24,4 ± 2,8. As comorbidades eram HAS em dois (5,2%), tabagismo em 12 (31,5%) e obesidade em dois (5,2%). A hérnia localizava-se somente à direita em 21 (55,2%) pacientes, somente à esquerda em 11 (28,9%), e era bilateral em seis (15,7%) pacientes. O reparo prévio da hérnia foi feito em sete (18,4%) pacientes. A identificação dos três nervos durante a operação fez-se em 20 (52,6%) pacientes, o nervo ílio-inguinal e o nervo ílio-hipogástrico foram identificados em 33 (86,8%), e o ramo genital do nervo gênito-femoral em 20 (52,6%). A ressecção de ao menos um dos nervos foi realizada em sete (18,4%), sendo dois nervos ílio-hipogástricos e cinco nervos ílio-inguinais. O tempo médio de operação foi 70,8 ± 18,2 minutos. O tempo de internação hospitalar foi 1,42 ± 1,18 dias. Retornaram à atividade física no primeiro atendimento dez (26,3%) pacientes e, no último, 37 (97,3%). O tempo de acompanhamento foi 95,6 ± 23,5 dias. A impossibilidade de identificação do nervo ílio-inguinal associou-se ao reparo prévio (p=0,035). CONCLUSÃO: A identificação dos três nervos durante a hernioplastia inguinal foi descrito em mais da metade dos casos e o reparo prévio interferiu na identificação do nervo ílio inguinal.

Tratamento cirúrgico das hérnias inguinais: análise crítica de sua indicação / Surgical treatment of inguinal hernias: critical analysis of the indication

A correção da hérnia inguinal é uma das cirurgias mais realizadas universalmente, estimando-se em cerca de vinte milhões de cirurgias/ano, em todo o mundo. O presente trabalho pretende analisar diferentes aspectos da indicação cirúrgica, em adultos, já que atualmente questiona-se a real necessidade da correção de todas as hérnias inguinais.

Inguinal hernia repair is one of the most common surgerys, estimed at about twenty million surgeries / year worldwide. This paper aims to analyze different aspects of surgical indication in adults, since currently it questions the real need of correction of all inguinal hernias.

Critical analysis of thoracotomies performed in the emergency room in 10 years.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a critical analysis of thoracotomies performed in the emergency rooms. METHODS: We analyzed mortality rates and survival as outcome variables, mechanism of injury, site of injury and anatomic injury as clinical variables, and gender and age as demographic variables of patients undergoing thoracotomy in the emergency room after traumatic injury. RESULTS: Of the 105 patients, 89.5% were male. The average age was 29.2 years. Penetrating trauma accounted for 81% of cases. The most common mechanism of trauma was wound by a firearm projectile (gunshot), in 64.7% of cases. Patients with stab wounds (SW) accounted for 16.2% of cases. Overall survival was 4.7%. Survival by gunshot was 1.4%, and by SW, 23.5%. The ERT following blunt trauma showed a 100%mortality. CONCLUSION: The results obtained in the Emergency Hospital of Porto Alegre POA-HPS are similar to those reported in the world literature.

Hérnia interna de delgado em pós-operatório de sigmoidectomia a Hartmann / Enteric internal hernia in postoperative period of Hartmann?s sigmoidectomy

Objetivos: Relatar o caso de um paciente com quadro de abdome agudo obstrutivo por hérnia interna, que apresentou diagnóstico desafiador,devido a procedimentos anteriores e ao perfil individual, e realizar uma breve revisão da literatura sobre os tipos de hérnia.Descrição do caso: Um homem de 44 anos, etilista, usuário de crack, com cirurgia prévia para redução de prolapso de colostomia, retornaà emergência dois dias depois do procedimento, com dor epigástrica, náuseas, vômitos e parada na eliminação de fezes. Em 24 horas houveevolução do quadro clínico para abdome agudo. Na laparotomia exploratória evidenciou-se massa inflamatória aderindo o cólon esquerdoostomizado às alças intestinais e à parede abdominal, com herniação de um segmento de delgado.Conclusões: Abdome agudo pode ser um quadro clínico de manejo difícil em alguns episódios, como o relatado, em que os sintomas e sinaisclínicos iniciais não evidenciam a magnitude e a gravidade do caso. Casos como este, de hérnia interna de intestino delgado, podem servir dealerta para futuras condutas em casos duvidosos.

Aims: To report the case of a patient with acute intestinal obstruction by internal hernia, that presented a challenging diagnosis due to previousprocedures and individual profile, and to perform a brief review of the literature on the types of hernia.Case description: A 44 year-old man, alcoholic, crack user, with prior surgery for reduction of prolapsed colostomy, returns to the emergencyroom two days after the procedure, with epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting and without bowel movement. There was progression of the diseaseto acute abdomen in 24 hours. An exploratory laparotomy revealed an inflammatory mass adhering to the left colon stoma and abdominal wall,with herniation of a segment of small intestine.Conclusions: Acute abdomen may be a condition of difficult clinical management in some cases, as the one herein reported, where initialclinical signs and symptoms did not portray the severity of the disease. Cases as this one may be used as examples for decision-making indifficult situations.

Critical analysis of thoracotomies performed in the emergency room in 10 years / Análise crítica das toracotomias realizadas na sala de emergência durante 10 anos

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a critical analysis of thoracotomies performed in the emergency rooms. METHODS: We analyzed mortality rates and survival as outcome variables, mechanism of injury, site of injury and anatomic injury as clinical variables, and gender and age as demographic variables of patients undergoing thoracotomy in the emergency room after traumatic injury. RESULTS: Of the 105 patients, 89.5% were male. The average age was 29.2 years. Penetrating trauma accounted for 81% of cases. The most common mechanism of trauma was wound by a firearm projectile (gunshot), in 64.7% of cases. Patients with stab wounds (SW) accounted for 16.2% of cases. Overall survival was 4.7%. Survival by gunshot was 1.4%, and by SW, 23.5%. The ERT following blunt trauma showed a 100%mortality. CONCLUSION: The results obtained in the Emergency Hospital of Porto Alegre POA-HPS are similar to those reported in the world literature. .

OBJETIVO: realizar uma análise crítica das toracotomias realizadas nas salas de emergência. MÉTODOS: foram analisadas as taxas de mortalidade e sobrevida como variáveis de desfecho, mecanismo de trauma, local da lesão e lesões anatômicas como variáveis clínicas, sexo e idade como variáveis demográficas dos pacientes submetidos à toracotomia, na sala de emergência, após lesão traumática. RESULTADOS: análise de 105 pacientes mostrou que 89,5% eram do sexo masculino. A média de idade foi 29,2 anos. O trauma penetrante respondeu por 81% dos casos. O mecanismo de trauma mais frequente foi o ferimento por projétil de arma de fogo (FPAF) com 64,7% dos casos. Os pacientes com ferimento por arma branca (FAB) responderam por 16,2% dos casos. A sobrevida global foi 4,7%. A sobrevida por FPAF foi 1,4% e por FAB, de 23,5%. A TSE por trauma contuso obteve mortalidade de 100%. CONCLUSÃO: os resultados obtidos no Hospital de Pronto Socorro de Porto Alegre HPS-POA são semelhantes aos relatados na literatura mundial. .

Abdome agudo por apendicite com apresentação atípica levando a choque em paciente obeso e hepatopata crônico / Acute abdomen due appendicitis with atypical presentation leading to shock in an obese patient and with chronic liver disease

Objetivos: Expor um caso de abdome agudo por apendicite cujo diagnóstico apresentou-se difícil e complicado devido ao perfil do paciente e suas comorbidades.Descrição do Caso: Paciente masculino, 52 anos, superobeso, tabagista e hepatopata crônico, com queixa de dor abdominal aguda em hipocôndrio direito, vômitos e baixa diurese. Inicialmente sem sinais de irritação peritoneal, foi manejado clinicamente, mas apresentou piora do quadro, evoluindo para choque e parada cardiorrespiratória. Em investigação por laparotomia exploratória constatou-se apendicite aguda, circulação colateral e cirrose hepática.Conclusões: O quadro de abdome agudo tem grande incidência nas unidades de pronto atendimento e, uma vez que compreende inúmeras situações clínicas, faz-se imprescindível conhecer e suspeitar de suas principais causas e de suas apresentações atípicas, de difícil...

Aims: To expose a case of acute abdomen due to appendicitis whose diagnosis was difficult and complicated because of the patient?s profileand his comorbidities.Case Description: Male patient, 52 years old, superobese, smoker and with chronic liver disease, complaining of acute abdominal pain inthe right hypochondrium, vomiting and low diuresis. Initially with no signs of peritoneal irritation, the patient was medically managed, butpresented worsening of clinical status, progressing to shock and cardiac arrest. The investigation by laparotomy found acute appendicitis,collateral circulation and liver cirrhosis.Conclusions: Acute abdomen has great impact on emergency care and, since it comprises several clinical situations, knowing and suspectingits main causes and its atypical presentations becomes essential, mainly in cases of difficult diagnosis...